Effects of Personality on Perceived Immersion in Low-Immersive Virtual Reality Stores

Authors

Markus Makkonen
Tampere University, Faculty of Management and Business , University of Jyvaskyla, Faculty of Information Technology
Lauri Frank
University of Jyväskylä, Faculty of Information Technology
Tiina Kemppainen
University of Jyväskylä, School of Business and Economics
Matilda Holkkola
University of Jyvaskyla, Faculty of Information Technology
Tiina Kaleton
University of Jyväskylä, Faculty of Information Technology

Synopsis

Virtual reality (VR) stores can be differentiated into two main types: immersive and low-immersive. In immersive VR stores, the virtual store environment is typically experienced by putting on a head-mounted display, whereas in low-immersive VR stores, it is typically experienced via the flat screen of some commonly used information technology device, such as a computer or a mobile phone. In this study, we examine how the Big Five personality traits of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience affect perceived immersion in low-immersive VR stores. To do this, we first collect data from 420 US-based consumers via an online survey in which the respondents are requested to visit a real-life low-immersive VR store. We then analyse the collected data with partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Our findings suggest that especially conscientiousness, but also extraversion and openness to experience, positively affect perceived immersion in low-immersive VR stores.

Author Biographies

Markus Makkonen, Tampere University, Faculty of Management and Business, University of Jyvaskyla, Faculty of Information Technology

Tampere, Finland. E-mail: markus.makkonen@tuni.fi

Lauri Frank, University of Jyväskylä, Faculty of Information Technology

Jyväskylä, Finland. E-mail: lauri.frank@jyu.fi

Tiina Kemppainen, University of Jyväskylä, School of Business and Economics

Jyväskylä, Finland. E-mail: tiina.j.kemppainen@jyu.fi

Matilda Holkkola, University of Jyvaskyla, Faculty of Information Technology

Jyvaskyla, Finland. E-mail: matilda.i.holkkola@jyu.fi

Tiina Kaleton, University of Jyväskylä, Faculty of Information Technology

Jyväskylä, Finland. E-mail: tiina.e.kaleton@jyu.fi

Published

June 5, 2026

License

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Makkonen, M., Frank, L., Kemppainen, T., Holkkola, M., & Kaleton, T. (2026). Effects of Personality on Perceived Immersion in Low-Immersive Virtual Reality Stores. In D. Vidmar, A. Pucihar, M. Kljajić Borštnar, R. W. H. Bons, M. Glowatz, & H.-D. Zimmermann (Eds.), & (Ed.), 39th Bled eConference: Co-Creating Human-Centred and Responsible Digital Futures; Conference Proceedings (Vols. 39., pp. 949-964). University of Maribor Press. https://press.um.si/index.php/ump/catalog/book/1128/chapter/1227