Assessment of the Technological Feasibility and Economic Viability of Residue Valorisation in Apple Processing

Apple pomace, a major by-product of the apple processing industry, was assessed through two alternative valorisation pathways business models: pectin extraction for premium gelling sugar incorporation and fruit leather production. Both models were developed on pilot-scale based data and assessed through discounted cash flow analysis. Clustered pectin extraction (30 t/year capacity) demonstrates strong profitability (Net Present Value > €240,000, Internal Rate of Return > 100%). In contrast, single-farm scale processing and fruit leather production (6.6 t/year capacity) were economically viable only for/when targeting premium market segments. The integration of additional residue valorisation options, such as specialty paper production or ethanol regeneration, improved the overall sustainability and resource efficiency further. The findings confirm that small-scale circular approaches can drive economic resilience when focusing on high-value markets and employing systemic, resource-efficient design.